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Nonverbal Communication References

Compiled by James F. Roiger, University of Arkansas at Monticello

[A]    [B]    [C]    [D]    [E]    [F]    [G]    [H]    [I]    [J]    [K]    [L]    [M]

[N]    [O]    [P]    [Q]    [R]    [S]    [T]    [U]    [V]    [W]    [X]    [Y]    [Z]

A

Alpert, M. S., Kurtzberg, M. A., & Friedhoff, A. J. (1963). Transient voice change associated with emotional stimuli. Archives of General Psychiatry, 8, 362-365.

Altman, I. (1993). Dialectics, physical environments, and personal relationships. Communication Monographs, 60(1), 27-34.

Andersen, P. A., Guerrero, L. K., Buller, D. B., & Jorgensen, P. F. (1998). An empirical comparison of three theories of nonverbal immediacy exchange. Human Communication Research, 24(4), 501-535.

Apple, W., Streeter, L. A., & Krauss,R. M. (1979). Effects of pitch and speech rate on personal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 715-727.

Ayres, J., Hopf, T., Brown, K., & Suek, J. M. (1994). The impact of communication apprehension, gender, and time on turn- taking behavior in initial interactions. Southern Communication Journal, 59(2), 142-152.

B

Bavelas, J. B. (1994). Gestures as part of speech: Methodological implications. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(3), 201-222.

Bernieri, H. J. G. (1988). Coordinated movement and rapport in teacher-student interactions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(2), 121-138.

Blake, J., & Dolgoy, S. J. (1993). Gestural development and its relation to cognition during the transition to language. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17(2), 87-102.

Bond, C. F., Jr., & Robinson, M. (1988). The evolution of deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(4), 295-308.

Bosmajian, H. G. (Ed.). (1971). The rhetoric of nonvebal communication: Readings. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman's.

Bowers, J. W., Metts, S. M., & Duncanson, W. T. (1985). Emotion and interpersonal communication. In M. L. Knapp & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 500-550). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Brown, B. L., Strong, W. J., & Rencher, A. C. (1973). Perceptions of personality from speech: effects of manipulations of acoustical parameters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54, 29-35.

Brown, B. L., Strong, W. J., & Rencher, A. C. (1974). Fifty-four voices from two: The effects of simultaneous manipulations of rate, mean functional frequency, and variance of fundamental frequency on ratings of personality from speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56, 313-318.

Buller, D. B., & Aune, K. (1992). The effects of speech rate similarity on compliance: Application of communication accommodation theory. Western Journal of Communication, 56(1), 37-53.

Buller, D. B., Burgoon, J. K., Buslig, A. A. L., & Roiger, J. F. (1994). Interpersonal Deception: VIII. Further Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of Equivocation From the Bavelas et al. (1990) Research. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13(4), 396-417.

Buller, D. B., Le Poire, B. A., Aune, R. K., & Eloy, S V. (1992). Social perceptions as mediators of the effect of speech rate similarity on compliance. Human Communication Research, 19(2), 286-311.

Bullis, C., & Horn, C. (1995). Get a little closer: Further examination of nonverbal comforting behaviors. Communication Reports, 8(1), 10-17.

Burgoon, J. K. (1978). Attributes of the newscaster's voice as predictors of his credibility. Journalism Quarterly, 55, 276-281, 300.

Burgoon, J. K. (1974).Effect of anomia and personal space invasion on anxiety, nonperson orientation, and source credibility. Central States Speech Journal, 25, 19-27.

Burgoon, J. K. (1985). The relationship of verbal and nonverbal cues. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voight (Eds.), Progress in communication sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 263-298). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.

Burgoon, J. K., Birk, T., & Pfau, M. (1990). Nonverbal behaviors, persuasion, and credibility. Human Communication Research, 17(1), 140-169.

Burgoon, J. K., & Buller, D. B. (1994). Interpersonal deception: III. Effects of deceit on perceived communication and nonverbal behavior dynamics. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18(2), 155-184.

Burgoon, J. K., Buller, D. B., Hale, J. L., & deTurck, M. A. (1984). Relational messages associated with nonverbal behaviors. Human Communication Research, 10, 351-378.

Burgoon, J. K., Buller, D. B., & Woodall, W. G. (19996). Nonverbal Communication: The unspoken dialogue (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Burgoon, J. K., Kelley, D. L., Newton, D. A., & Keeley-Dyreson, M. P. (1989). The nature of arousal and nonverbal indices. Human Communication Research, 16(2), 217-255.

Burgoon, J. K., & Newton, D. A. (1991). Applying a social meaning model to relational message interpretations of conversational involvement: Comparing observer and participant perspectives. Southern Communication Journal, 56(2), 96-113.

Burgoon, J. K., & Walther, J. B. (1990). Nonverbal expectancies and the evaluative consequences of violations. Human Communication Research, 17(2), 232-265.

Burgoon, J. K., Walther, J. B., & Baesler, E. J. (1992). Interpretations, evaluations, and consequences of interpersonal touch. Human Communication Research, 19(2), 237-263.

Burns, J. A., & Kintz, B. L. (1976). Eye contact while lying during an interview. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 7, 87-89.

Burns, K. L., & Beier, E. G. (1973). Significance of vocal and visual channels in the decoding of emotional meaning. Journal of Communication, 23, 118-130.

C

Cappella, J. N., & Palmer, M. T. (1990). Attitude Similarity, relational history, and attraction: The mediating effects of kinesic and vocalic behaviors. Communication Monographs, 57(3), 161-183.

Cavalini, P. M., Koeter-Kemmerling, L. G., & Pulles, M. P. J. (1991). Coping with odour annoyance and odour concentrations: Three field studies. Journal of environmental Psychology, 11(2), 123-142.

Cegala, D. J., Alexander, A. F., & Sokuvitz, S. (1979). An investigation of eye gaze and its relation to selected verbal behavior. Human Communication Research, 5, 99-108.

Coker, D. A., & Burgoon, J. K. (1987). The nature of conversational involvement and nonverbal encoding patterns. Human Communication Research, 13, 463-494.

D

Darley, W. K., & Lim, J. (1993). Assesing demand artifacts in consumer research: An alternative perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 489-495.

DePaulo, B. M. (1988). Nonverbal aspects of deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(3), 153-162.

DePaulo, B. M., Blank, A. L., Swaim, G. W., & Hairfield, J. G., (1992). Expressiveness and expressive control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 276-285.

DePaulo, B. M., Kirkendol, S. E., Tang, J., O'brien, T. (1988). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(3), 177-202.

DePaulo, P. J. (1988). Research on deception in marketing communications: Its revelance to the study of nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(4),253-274.

Donaghy, W. C., & Dooley, B. F. (1994). Head movement, gender, and deceptive communication. Communication Reports, 7(2), 67-75.

Donaghy, W. C., & Goldberg, J. (1991). Head movement and gender differences following the onset of simultaneous speech. Southern Communication Journal, 56(2), 114-127.

Druckman, D., Rozelle, R. M., & Baxter, J. C. (1982). Nonverbal communication: Survey, theory, and research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Drucker, S. J., & Gumpert, G. (1991). Public space and communication: The zoning of public interaction. Communication Theory, 1(4), 294-310.

E

Ekman, P. (1988). Lying and nonverbal behavior: theoretical issues and new findings. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(3), 163-176.

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1974). Detecting deception from the body or face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 288-298.

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1972). Hand Movements. Journal of Communication, 22, 353-374.

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 32, 88-105.

Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O'Sullivan, M., & Scherer, K. (1980). Relative importance of face, body and speech in judgments of personality and affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 270-277.

Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Scherer, K. (1976). Body movement and voice pitch in deceptive interaction. Semiotica, 16, 23-27.

Ekman, P., O'Sullivan, M., Friesen, W. V., & Scherer, K. R. (1991). Face, voice, and body in detecting deceit. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15(2), 125-135.

F

Fairbanks, G. (1940). Recent experimental investigations of vocal pitch in speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 11, 457-466.

Fairbanks, G. & Hoaglin, L. W. (1941). An experimental study of the durational characteristics of the voice during the expression of emotion. Speech Monographs, 8, 85-90.

Fairbanks, G., & Pronovost, W. (1939). An experimental study of the pitch characteristics of the voice during the expression of emotion. Speech Monographs, 6, 87-104.

Farabee, D. J., Holcom, M. L., Jr., Ramsey, S. L., & Cole, S. G. (1993). Social anxiety and speaker gaze in a persuasive atmosphere. Journal of Research in Personality, 27(4), 365-376.

Feldman, R. S., & Rime, B. (Eds.). (1991). Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambrisge University Press.

Fielder, K., & Walka, I. (1993). Training lie detectors to use nonverbal cues instead of global heuristics. Human Communication Research, 20(2), 199-223.

Forsythe, S. M. (1990). Effect of applicant's clothing on interviewer's decision to hire. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(19), 1579-1595.

Friedman, H. S. (1979). The concept of skill in nonverbal communication: Implications for understanding social interaction. In R. Rosenthal (Ed.), Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences (pp. 2-27). Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.

Friedman, H. (1979). The interactive effects of facial expressions of emotion and verbal message on perceptions of affective meaning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 453-469.

Fujita, B. N., Harper, R. G., & Wiens, A. N. (1980). Encoding-decoding of nonverbal emotional messages: Sex differences in spontaneous and enacted expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 4, 131-145.

G

Gardner, W. L., III, Peluchette, J. V. E., & Clinebell, S. K. (1994). Valuing women in management: An impression management perspective of gender diversity. Management Communication Quarterly, 8(2), 115-164.

Garko, M. G. (1992). Persuading subordinates who communicate in attractive and unattractive styles. Management Communication Quarterly, 5(3), 289-315.

Greenfield, P. M. (1994). Video games as cultural artifacts. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 3-12.

H

Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S. (1966). Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. In L. A. Gottschalk & A. H. Auerbach (Eds.), Methods of research in psychotherapy (pp. 154-165). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Hale, J. L., & Burgoon, J. K. (1984). Models of reactions to changes in nonverbal immediacy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 287-314.

Hale, J. L., & Stiff, J. B. (1990). Nonverbal primacy in veracity judgments. Communication Reports, 3(2), 75-83.

Hall, E. T. (1977). Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

Hall, E. T. (1984). The dance of life: The other dimension of time. Garden city, NY: Anchor Press.

Hall, E. T. (1959). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Fawcett.

Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett.

Harms, L. S. (1961). Listener judgments of status cues in speech. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 47, 164-168.

Hayduk, L. A. (1994). Personal space: Understanding the simplex model. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18(3), 245-262.

Hecker, M. H. L., Stevens, K. N., von Bismark, G., & Williams, C. E. (1968). Manifestations of task-induced stress in the acoustic speech signal. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 44, 993-1001.

Heintzman, M., Leathers, D., Parrott, R., & Cairns, A. B. (1993). Nonverbal rapport-building behaviors' effects on perceptions of a supervisor. Management Communication Quarterly, 7(2), 181-208.

Hocking, J. E., & Leathers, D. G. (1980). Nonverbal indicators of deception: A new theoretical perspective. Communication Monographs, 47, 119-131.

Honeycutt, J. M. (1991). The role of nonverbal behaviors in modifying expectancies during initial encounters. Southern Communication Journal, 56(3), 161-177.

Hurd, K., & Noller, P. (1988). Decoding deception, A look at the process. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(3), 217-233.

I

Iizuka, Y. (1994). Gaze during speaking as related to shyness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(3,Pt 2), 1259-1264.

J

Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of the perfect appearance: Discrepancies among self-ideal percepts of multiple physical attributes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(5), 379-396.

Jones, S. E. (1991). Problems of validity in questionnaire studies of nonverbal behavior: Jourard's tactile body- accessibility scale. Southern Communication Journal, 56(2), 83-95.

K

Keeley-Dyreson, M., Burgoon, J. K., & Bailey, W. (1991). The effects of stress and gender on nonverbal decoding accuracy in kinesic and vocalic channels. Human Communication Research, 17(4), 584-605.

Kendon, A. (1994). Do gestures communicate?: A review. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(3), 175-200.

Ketrow, S. M. (1991). Nonverbal communication and client satisfaction in computer-assisted transactions. Management Communication Quarterly, 5(2), 192-219.

Knapp, M. L., & Hall, J. A. (1992). Nonverbal communication in human interaction (3rd Ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Holt Rinehart & Winston, Inc.

Krauss, R. M. (1981). Impression formation, impression management, and nonverbal behaviors. In E. T. Higgins & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social Cognition: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 1, pp. 323-341. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

L

Le Poire, B. A. (1994). Attraction toward and nonverbal stigmatization of gay males and persons with AIDS: Evidence of symbolic over instrumental attitudinal structures. Human Communication Research, 21(2), 241-279.

Littlepage, G. E., & Pineault, M. A. (1979). Detection of deceptive factual statements from the body and the face. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 325-328.

Longo, L. C., & Ashmore, R. D. (1995). The looks-personality relationship: Global self-orientation as shared precursors of subjective physical attractiveness and self-ascribed traits. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(5), 371-398.

Lord, T., & Kasprzak, M. (1989). Identification of self through olfaction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69(1), 219-224.

M

Mahl, G. F. (1987). Explorations in nonverbal and vocal behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Manusov, V. (1990). An application of attribution principles to nonverbal behavior in romantic dyads. Communication Monographs, 57(2), 104-118.

Manusov, V. (1992). Mimicry or synchrony: The effects of intentionality attributions for nonverbal mirroring behavior. Communication Quarterly, 40(1), 69-83.

Manusov, V. (1991). Perceiving nonverbal messages: Effects of immediacy and encoded intent on receiver judgments. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55(3), 235-253.

Manusov, V. (1995). Reacting to changes in nonverbal behaviors: Relational satisfaction and adaption patterns in romantic dyads. Human Communication Research, 21(4), 456-477.

Marche, T. A., & Peterson, C. (1993). The development and sex- related use of interruption behavior. Human Communication Research, 19(3), 399-408.

McNeill, D., Cassel, J., & McCullough, K. (1994). Communicative effects of speech-mismatched gestures. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(3), 223-238.

Mehrabian, A. (1971). Nonverbal betrayal of feeling. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 64-73.

Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Aldine.

Mehrabian, A. (1967). Orientation behaviors and nonverbal attitude communication. Journal of Communication, 17, 324-332.

Mehrabian, A. (1981). Silent messages: Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Mehrabian, A. (1971). Verbal and nonverbal interaction of strangers in a waiting situation. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 127-138.

Micromoments. (1978, April). Human Behavior, 34-35.

Miller, N., Maruyama, G., Beaber, R. J., & Valone, K. (1959). Speed of speech and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 615-624.

Minami, H., & Tanaka, K. (1995). Social and environmental psychology: Transaction between physical space and group dynamic processes. Environment and Behavior, 27(1), 43-55.

Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (1993). A cross-cultural comparison of impressions created by age-related variations in gait. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17(1), 55-68.

Morency, N. L., & Krauss, R. M. (1982). Children's nonverbal encoding and decoding of affect. In R. S. Feldman (Ed.), Development of nonverbal behavior in children (pp. 181-199). New York: Springer-verlag.

Motley, M. T. (1993). Facial affect and verbal context in conversation: Facial expression as interjection. Human Communication Research, 20(1), 3-40.

N

Nass, C., & Steuer, J. (1993). Voices, boxes, and sources of messages: Computers and social actors. Human Communication Research, 19(4), 504-527.

Noller, P. (1984). Nonverbal communication and marital interaction. Oxford, UK; Pergamon Press.

O

Oliver, M B. (1993). Exploring the paradox of the enjoyment of sad films. Human Communication Research, 19(3), 315-342.

Oring, E. (1994). The arts, artifacts, and artifices of identity. Journal of American Folklore, 107(424), 211-247.

O'Sullivan, M., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1988). The effect of comparisons on detecting deceit. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(3), 203-216.

P

Portnoy, E. J. (1993). The impact of body type on perceptions of attractiveness by older individuals. Communication Reports, 6(2), 101-108.

Poyatos, F. (Ed.) (1992). Advances in Non-Verbal Communication: Sociocultural, clinical, esthetic and literary perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Poyatos, F. (1988). Literary Anthropology: A new interdisciplinary approach to people, signs and literature. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Poyatos, F. (2002). Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines: Volume 1: Culture, sensory interaction, speech, conversation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Poyatos, F. (2002.) Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines: Volume 2: Paralanguage, kinesics, silence, personal and environmental interaction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Poyatos, F. (2002.) Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines: Volume 3: Narrative literature, theater, cinema, translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Poyatos, F. (Ed.) (1997). Nonverbal Communication and Translation: New perspectives and challenges in literature, interpretation and the media. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins

Poyatos, F. (1993). Paralanguage: A linguistic and interdisciplinary approach to interactive speech and sounds. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Q

R

Raines, R. S., Hechtman, S. B., & Rosenthal, R. (1990). Nonverbal behavior and gender as determinants of physcial attractiveness. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14(4), 253-269.

Remland, M. S., Jones, T. S., & Brinkman, H. (1991). Proxemic and haptic behavior in three European countries. Journal of Nonverbal Behavio r, 15(4), 215-232.

Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1995). Nonverbal behavior in interpersonal relations (3rd Ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Riggio, R. E. (1986). Assessment of basic social skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 649-660.

Roese, N. J., Olson, J. M., Borenstein, M. N., Martin, A., & Shores, A. L. (1992). Same-sex touching behavior: The moderating role of homopobic attitudes. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16(4), 249-259.

Rosenthal, R., & DePaulo, B. M. (1980). Encoders vs decoders as units of analysis in research in nonverbal communications. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 5, 92-103.

Rosenthal, R., & DePaulo, B. M. (1979). Expectancies, discrepancies, and courtesies in nonverbal communication. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 43, 76-95.

Rosenthal, R., & DePaulo, B. M. (1979). Sex differences and accommodation in nonverbal communication. In R. Rosenthal (Ed.), Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences (pp. 68-103). Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.

Rotter, N. G., & Rotter, G. S. (1988).Sexual differences in the encoding and decoding of negative facial emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(2), 139-148.

Russell, J. A. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of cross-cultural studies. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 102-141.

S

Saarni, C. (1988). Children's understanding of the interpersonal consequences of dissemblance of nonverbal emotional- expressive behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(4), 275-294.

Scherer, K. R., & Ekman, P. (Eds.). (1982). Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Schiavo, R. S., Kabashi, K., Quinn, C., Sefscik, A., & Synn, K. M. (1995). Territorial influences on the permeability of group spatial boundaries. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(1), 27-29.

Siegman, A. W., & Feldstein, D. (Eds.). (1985). Multichanel integrations of nonverbal behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum associates.

Sigelman, L., Dawson, E., Nitz, M., & Wicker, M. L. (1990). Hair loss and electability: The bald truth. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14(4), 269-283

Snyder, C. R., & Higgins, R. L. (1988). From making to being the excuse: An analysis of deception and verbal/nonverbal issues. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(4), 237-252.

Sparks, G. G. (1991). The relationship between distress and delight in males' and females' reactions to frightening films. Human Communication Research, 17(4), 625-637.

Steinheider, B., & Winneke, G. (1993). Industrial odours as environmental stressors: Exposure-annoyance associations and their modification by coping, age and perceived health. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(4), 353-364.

Streeck, J. (1993). Gesture as communication I: Its coordination with gaze and speech. Communication Monographs, 60(4), 275-299.

Streeck, J. (1994). Gesture as communication II: The audience as co-author. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(3), 239-267.

T

Thomason, W. R., & Hopper, R. (1992). Pauses, transition relevance, and speaker change. Human Communication Research, 18(3), 429-444.

Tucker, J. S., & Riggio, R. E. (1988). The role of social skills in encoding posed and spontaneous facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(2), 87-97.

U

V

Vangelisti, A. L. (1993). Communication in the family: The influence of time, relational prototypes, and irrationality. Communication Monographs, 60(1), 42-54.

W

Wallbott, H. G. (1988). Big girls don't frown, big boys don't cry--gender differences of professional actors in communicating emotion via facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12(2), 98-106.

Walther, J. B. (1993). Construction and validation of a quantitative measure of impression development. Southern Communication Journal, 59(1), 27-33.

Walther, J. B., & Tidwell, L. C. (In press). Nonverbal cues in computer-mediated communication, and the effect of chronemics on relational communication. Journal of Organizational Computing.

Weiner, M. & Mehrabian, A. (1968). Language within language. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Werner, C. M., Altman, I., & Brown, B. B. (1992). A transactional approach to interpersonal relations: Physical environment, social context and temporal qualities. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9, 297-323

Wiemann, J. M., & Harrison, R. P. (Eds.). (1983). Nonverbal interaction. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Williams, G. P., & Kleinke, C. L. (1993). Effects of mutual gaze and touch on attraction, mood, and cardiovascular reactivity. Journal of Research in Personality, 27(2), 170-183

X

Y

Yarmey, A. D., & Kruschenske, D. (1995). Facial Stereotypes of battered women and battered women who kill. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(4), 338-352.

Z

Zuckerman, M., Blanck, P. D., DePaulo, B. M., & Rosenthal, R. (1980). Developmental changes in decoding discrepant and nondiscrepant nonverbal cues. Developmental Psychology, 16, 220-228.

Zuckerman, M., Larrance, D. T., Spiegel, N. H., & Klorman, R. (1981). Controlling nonverbal displays: Facial expressions and tone of voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 506-524.